Hydrogen energy
Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element of water (H2O) on Earth. It is also an element that It is included in the molecules of other compounds such as hydrocarbon (HC) compounds, which are petroleum products that are important for the country’s economic development. General properties of hydrogen are colorless, odorless, flammable, highly clean. Non-toxic and environmentally friendly Hydrogen is expected and recognized as an extremely important fuel energy source in the future. Developed countries around the world, such as the United States, Germany, England and Japan, have continually researched and developed in this regard.
type of hydrogen energy
Today, hydrogen can be produced from a variety of raw materials, such as water, natural gas, oil or other fossil fuels, each with its own carbon footprint.
Different manufacturing processes depend on whether the incineration is complete or not. For this reason, multiple colors are used to describe the completeness of the combustion level, but for the benefit of the environment.
Ultimately, hydrogen energy should be produced from clean energy sources with no carbon emissions in the production process. instead of fossil fuels, which is the standard method today.
Brown/Gray Hydrogen: One way to produce hydrogen gas is through gasification or Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) using fuel.
Hydrocarbons or fossils, such as coal and natural gas, etc., and the product substances are hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted will be
The same amount as hydrogen gas. Therefore, this method does not reduce the carbon footprint even when using hydrogen gas as a clean energy.
Blue Hydrogen: This uses hydrocarbon or fossil fuels as raw materials for production as well. But carbon capture and storage technology is used to capture carbon dioxide. and then compressed and stored underground for safety or can be used to produce other forms of renewable fuel
Green Hydrogen: Hydrogen is produced by electrolysis that does not emit carbon dioxide. using water as a raw material Another way to produce green hydrogen is to use biomass or organic waste as a fuel instead of coal in gasification. This process has a zero carbon footprint due to the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by trees during its lifetime. The value is equal to the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by incineration for
It produces hydrogen, and after that, if CO2 capture and storage technology is used, it creates a negative carbon footprint: it draws CO2 back from the atmosphere.
Forms and technologies for
Hydrogen production
Used hydrogen can be produced from hydrogen sources by a number of different processes, as follows
1. Thermal decomposition (Thermolysis)
Hydrogen is produced by using water as a feedstock and using high heat to decompose water into hydrogen ions (H+), oxygen ions (O2-), hydrogen gas (H2), oxygen gas (O2) hydroxide ions. (OH-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroperoxyl. But decomposition is low even at very high temperatures. In addition, in industrial or commercial applications of this process, the equipment or materials used in the process must be able to withstand high temperatures.
2. Photocatalytic process (Photocatalytic Process)
It is a hydrogen gas production process. using a semiconductor as an optical catalyst which accepts photons from sunlight to excite electrons, causing water to break down into hydrogen and oxygen gas. Then it goes through the hydrogen purification process. The most commonly used photocatalysts are: Titanium dioxide (Titanium Dioxide, TiO2), tungsten oxide (Tungsten (III) oxide, WO3) and platinum (Platinum, Pt), etc. The efficiency of the process depends on the crystal structure, the aggregate properties. and the surface area of the catalyst The limitation of this process is that the catalyst used must be resistant to corrosion in water.
3. Steam Methane Reforming
It is the production of hydrogen gas from natural gas by the commonly used catalyst is nickel, and the temperature used is in the range of 500-1000 degrees Celsius. The resulting product consists mainly of hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide. and carbon dioxide, water and methane are co-products, which this approach does not contribute to reducing the carbon footprint. If carbon sequestration and absorption technologies are not used
4. Steam-Iron Process
It is a hydrogen gas production process that can produce high purity hydrogen gas by means of reduction-oxidation of iron oxides. or magnetite The result, in addition to hydrogen gas, also carbon dioxide.
5. Electrolysis of water (Electrolysis)
It is the process of providing direct current to the electrodes of an electrochemical cell. for oxidation and reduction reactions This causes water molecules to be separated into oxygen gas and oxygen gas. The electrolysis of water requires volts above 1.229 volts. The advantages of hydrogen gas production from this method are high purity. and no carbon dioxide emissions The disadvantage is the high cost of electricity.
6. Biohydrogen Production
It is the production of high purity hydrogen gas by biological processes through microbial organisms. Most of them use water. organic waste or biomass as the main precursor This may require enzymes or protein compounds to help catalyze the reaction. By producing bio-hydrogen can be classified into light-based and non-light-based types.
7) Hydrogen production by fermentation (Fermentation Hydrogen Production)
It is the production of hydrogen using biochemical processes. By causing organic matter to be degraded and chemically altered by enzymes produced by microorganisms. It can be classified into several types, including photochemical fermentation and photochemical fermentation. Anaerobic fermentation was found in anaerobic bacteria.
8) Photosynthesis (Photosynthesis)
It is a hydrogen production process that is found in algae. It uses sunlight to stimulate water molecules to break down into hydrogen ions, oxygen gas and electrons. The main limitation of hydrogen production through photosynthesis in industrial applications. is a high production cost
9) Membrane Separation
It is a process of separating gas mixtures with a synthetic membrane, for example, the separation of hydrogen gas from a gas mixture containing nitrogen and methane. Separation of hydrogen gas from oil refining process and the separation of methane from biogas, etc. Normally, membrane gas separation uses a non-porous polymer membrane. By separating each gas from each other, the solubility and diffusion properties of each gas are different.
Hydrogen energy
Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element of water (H2O) on Earth. It is also an element that It is included in the molecules of other compounds such as hydrocarbon (HC) compounds, which are petroleum products that are important for the country’s economic development. General properties of hydrogen are colorless, odorless, flammable, highly clean. Non-toxic and environmentally friendly Hydrogen is expected and recognized as an extremely important fuel energy source in the future. Developed countries around the world, such as the United States, Germany, England and Japan, have continually researched and developed in this regard.
type of hydrogen energy
Today, hydrogen can be produced from a variety of raw materials, such as water, natural gas, oil or other fossil fuels, each with its own carbon footprint.
Different manufacturing processes depend on whether the incineration is complete or not. For this reason, multiple colors are used to describe the completeness of the combustion level, but for the benefit of the environment.
Ultimately, hydrogen energy should be produced from clean energy sources with no carbon emissions in the production process. instead of fossil fuels, which is the standard method today.
Brown/Gray Hydrogen: One way to produce hydrogen gas is through gasification or Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) using fuel.
Hydrocarbons or fossils, such as coal and natural gas, etc., and the product substances are hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted will be
The same amount as hydrogen gas. Therefore, this method does not reduce the carbon footprint even when using hydrogen gas as a clean energy.
Blue Hydrogen: This uses hydrocarbon or fossil fuels as raw materials for production as well. But carbon capture and storage technology is used to capture carbon dioxide. and then compressed and stored underground for safety or can be used to produce other forms of renewable fuel
Green Hydrogen: Hydrogen is produced by electrolysis that does not emit carbon dioxide. using water as a raw material Another way to produce green hydrogen is to use biomass or organic waste as a fuel instead of coal in gasification. This process has a zero carbon footprint due to the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by trees during its lifetime. The value is equal to the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by incineration for
It produces hydrogen, and after that, if CO2 capture and storage technology is used, it creates a negative carbon footprint: it draws CO2 back from the atmosphere.
Forms and technologies for
Hydrogen production
Used hydrogen can be produced from hydrogen sources by a number of different processes, as follows
1. Thermal decomposition (Thermolysis)
Hydrogen is produced by using water as a feedstock and using high heat to decompose water into hydrogen ions (H+), oxygen ions (O2-), hydrogen gas (H2), oxygen gas (O2) hydroxide ions. (OH-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroperoxyl. But decomposition is low even at very high temperatures. In addition, in industrial or commercial applications of this process, the equipment or materials used in the process must be able to withstand high temperatures.
2. Photocatalytic process (Photocatalytic Process)
It is a hydrogen gas production process. using a semiconductor as an optical catalyst which accepts photons from sunlight to excite electrons, causing water to break down into hydrogen and oxygen gas. Then it goes through the hydrogen purification process. The most commonly used photocatalysts are: Titanium dioxide (Titanium Dioxide, TiO2), tungsten oxide (Tungsten (III) oxide, WO3) and platinum (Platinum, Pt), etc. The efficiency of the process depends on the crystal structure, the aggregate properties. and the surface area of the catalyst The limitation of this process is that the catalyst used must be resistant to corrosion in water.
3. Steam Methane Reforming
It is the production of hydrogen gas from natural gas by the commonly used catalyst is nickel, and the temperature used is in the range of 500-1000 degrees Celsius. The resulting product consists mainly of hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide. and carbon dioxide, water and methane are co-products, which this approach does not contribute to reducing the carbon footprint. If carbon sequestration and absorption technologies are not used
4. Steam-Iron Process
It is a hydrogen gas production process that can produce high purity hydrogen gas by means of reduction-oxidation of iron oxides. or magnetite The result, in addition to hydrogen gas, also carbon dioxide.
5. Electrolysis of water (Electrolysis)
It is the process of providing direct current to the electrodes of an electrochemical cell. for oxidation and reduction reactions This causes water molecules to be separated into oxygen gas and oxygen gas. The electrolysis of water requires volts above 1.229 volts. The advantages of hydrogen gas production from this method are high purity. and no carbon dioxide emissions The disadvantage is the high cost of electricity.
6. Biohydrogen Production
It is the production of high purity hydrogen gas by biological processes through microbial organisms. Most of them use water. organic waste or biomass as the main precursor This may require enzymes or protein compounds to help catalyze the reaction. By producing bio-hydrogen can be classified into light-based and non-light-based types.
7) Hydrogen production by fermentation (Fermentation Hydrogen Production)
It is the production of hydrogen using biochemical processes. By causing organic matter to be degraded and chemically altered by enzymes produced by microorganisms. It can be classified into several types, including photochemical fermentation and photochemical fermentation. Anaerobic fermentation was found in anaerobic bacteria.
8) Photosynthesis (Photosynthesis)
It is a hydrogen production process that is found in algae. It uses sunlight to stimulate water molecules to break down into hydrogen ions, oxygen gas and electrons. The main limitation of hydrogen production through photosynthesis in industrial applications. is a high production cost
9) Membrane Separation
It is a process of separating gas mixtures with a synthetic membrane, for example, the separation of hydrogen gas from a gas mixture containing nitrogen and methane. Separation of hydrogen gas from oil refining process and the separation of methane from biogas, etc. Normally, membrane gas separation uses a non-porous polymer membrane. By separating each gas from each other, the solubility and diffusion properties of each gas are different.
Hydrogen energy
Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element of water (H2O) on Earth. It is also an element that It is included in the molecules of other compounds such as hydrocarbon (HC) compounds, which are petroleum products that are important for the country’s economic development. General properties of hydrogen are colorless, odorless, flammable, highly clean. Non-toxic and environmentally friendly Hydrogen is expected and recognized as an extremely important fuel energy source in the future. Developed countries around the world, such as the United States, Germany, England and Japan, have continually researched and developed in this regard.
type of hydrogen energy
Today, hydrogen can be produced from a variety of raw materials, such as water, natural gas, oil or other fossil fuels, each with its own carbon footprint.
Different manufacturing processes depend on whether the incineration is complete or not. For this reason, multiple colors are used to describe the completeness of the combustion level, but for the benefit of the environment.
Ultimately, hydrogen energy should be produced from clean energy sources with no carbon emissions in the production process. instead of fossil fuels, which is the standard method today.
Brown/Gray Hydrogen: One way to produce hydrogen gas is through gasification or Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) using fuel.
Hydrocarbons or fossils, such as coal and natural gas, etc., and the product substances are hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted will be
The same amount as hydrogen gas. Therefore, this method does not reduce the carbon footprint even when using hydrogen gas as a clean energy.
Blue Hydrogen: This uses hydrocarbon or fossil fuels as raw materials for production as well. But carbon capture and storage technology is used to capture carbon dioxide. and then compressed and stored underground for safety or can be used to produce other forms of renewable fuel
Green Hydrogen: Hydrogen is produced by electrolysis that does not emit carbon dioxide. using water as a raw material Another way to produce green hydrogen is to use biomass or organic waste as a fuel instead of coal in gasification. This process has a zero carbon footprint due to the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by trees during its lifetime. The value is equal to the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by incineration for
It produces hydrogen, and after that, if CO2 capture and storage technology is used, it creates a negative carbon footprint: it draws CO2 back from the atmosphere.
Forms and technologies for
Hydrogen production
Used hydrogen can be produced from hydrogen sources by a number of different processes, as follows
1. Thermal decomposition (Thermolysis)
Hydrogen is produced by using water as a feedstock and using high heat to decompose water into hydrogen ions (H+), oxygen ions (O2-), hydrogen gas (H2), oxygen gas (O2) hydroxide ions. (OH-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroperoxyl. But decomposition is low even at very high temperatures. In addition, in industrial or commercial applications of this process, the equipment or materials used in the process must be able to withstand high temperatures.
2. Photocatalytic process (Photocatalytic Process)
It is a hydrogen gas production process. using a semiconductor as an optical catalyst which accepts photons from sunlight to excite electrons, causing water to break down into hydrogen and oxygen gas. Then it goes through the hydrogen purification process. The most commonly used photocatalysts are: Titanium dioxide (Titanium Dioxide, TiO2), tungsten oxide (Tungsten (III) oxide, WO3) and platinum (Platinum, Pt), etc. The efficiency of the process depends on the crystal structure, the aggregate properties. and the surface area of the catalyst The limitation of this process is that the catalyst used must be resistant to corrosion in water.
3. Steam Methane Reforming
It is the production of hydrogen gas from natural gas by the commonly used catalyst is nickel, and the temperature used is in the range of 500-1000 degrees Celsius. The resulting product consists mainly of hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide. and carbon dioxide, water and methane are co-products, which this approach does not contribute to reducing the carbon footprint. If carbon sequestration and absorption technologies are not used
4. Steam-Iron Process
It is a hydrogen gas production process that can produce high purity hydrogen gas by means of reduction-oxidation of iron oxides. or magnetite The result, in addition to hydrogen gas, also carbon dioxide.
5. Electrolysis of water (Electrolysis)
It is the process of providing direct current to the electrodes of an electrochemical cell. for oxidation and reduction reactions This causes water molecules to be separated into oxygen gas and oxygen gas. The electrolysis of water requires volts above 1.229 volts. The advantages of hydrogen gas production from this method are high purity. and no carbon dioxide emissions The disadvantage is the high cost of electricity.
6. Biohydrogen Production
It is the production of high purity hydrogen gas by biological processes through microbial organisms. Most of them use water. organic waste or biomass as the main precursor This may require enzymes or protein compounds to help catalyze the reaction. By producing bio-hydrogen can be classified into light-based and non-light-based types.
7) Hydrogen production by fermentation (Fermentation Hydrogen Production)
It is the production of hydrogen using biochemical processes. By causing organic matter to be degraded and chemically altered by enzymes produced by microorganisms. It can be classified into several types, including photochemical fermentation and photochemical fermentation. Anaerobic fermentation was found in anaerobic bacteria.
8) Photosynthesis (Photosynthesis)
It is a hydrogen production process that is found in algae. It uses sunlight to stimulate water molecules to break down into hydrogen ions, oxygen gas and electrons. The main limitation of hydrogen production through photosynthesis in industrial applications. is a high production cost
9) Membrane Separation
It is a process of separating gas mixtures with a synthetic membrane, for example, the separation of hydrogen gas from a gas mixture containing nitrogen and methane. Separation of hydrogen gas from oil refining process and the separation of methane from biogas, etc. Normally, membrane gas separation uses a non-porous polymer membrane. By separating each gas from each other, the solubility and diffusion properties of each gas are different.
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